Richmond KY007

1862-08-29 to 1862-08-30 · KY · Confederate Heartland Offensive [June-October 1862] · frozen result: Confederate · NPS summary (as listed)

CWSAC description
In Maj. Gen. Kirby Smith's 1862 Confederate offensive into Kentucky, Brig. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne led the advance with Col. John S. Scott's cavalry out in front. The Rebel cavalry, while moving north from Big Hill on the road to Richmond, Kentucky, on August 29, encountered Union troopers and began skirmishing. After noon, Union artillery and infantry joined the fray, forcing the Confederate cavalry to retreat to Big Hill. At that time, Brig. Gen. Mahlon D. Manson, who commanded Union forces in the area, ordered a brigade to march to Rogersville, toward the Rebels. Fighting for the day stopped after pursuing Union forces briefly skirmished with Cleburne's men in late afternoon. That night, Manson informed his superior, Maj. Gen. William Nelson, of his situation, and he ordered another brigade to be ready to march in support, when required. Kirby Smith ordered Cleburne to attack in the morning and promised to hurry reinforcements (Churchill's division). Cleburne started early, marching north, passed through Kinston, dispersed Union skirmishers, and approached Manson's battle line near Zion Church. As the day progressed, additional troops joined both sides. Following an artillery duel, the battle began, and after a concerted Rebel attack on the Union right, the Yankees gave way. Retreating into Rogersville, the Yankees made another futile stand at their old bivouac. By now, Smith and Nelson had arrived and taken command of their respective armies. Nelson rallied some troops in the cemetery outside Richmond, but they were routed. Nelson and some men escaped but the Rebels captured approximately 4,000 Yankees. The way north was open.

Command responsibility (ledger v2)

US: Mahlon D. Manson

Grade C under rule 2; echelon unknown. command_changedresponsibility_unresolved

Other candidates: William Nelson

NPS says Manson "commanded Union forces in the area" when the fighting began on August 29, and that Nelson arrived later and took command, as Cist also says (rule 2, third bullet; rule 4).

Major General
arnold-cwsac-commanders, battle KY007, belligerent US, fullname William Nelson; column rank · snapshot 6c587c298717…
Brig. Gen. Mahlon D. Manson, who commanded Union forces in the area
nps-ky007-v1 · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
By now, Smith and Nelson had arrived and taken command of their respective armies.
nps-ky007-v1 · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
Nelson, arriving on the ground, as- sumed command
cist-heartland-selections-v1 · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…

Confederate: Patrick R. Cleburne

Grade C under rule 2; echelon unknown. command_changedresponsibility_unresolvedsuperior_directing

Other candidates: E. Kirby Smith

NPS says Cleburne "led the advance" when the fighting began, and Smith arrived later and took command of his army (rule 2, third bullet; rule 4). Kirby Smith ordered Cleburne to attack (superior_directing). Alternative reading: 'led the advance' as a subordinate leading part of the force (rule 2, second bullet), which would keep Kirby Smith at grade C with Cleburne as candidate.

Major General
arnold-cwsac-commanders, battle KY007, belligerent Confederate, fullname E. Kirby Smith; column rank · snapshot 6c587c298717…
Brig. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne led the advance
nps-ky007-v1 · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
By now, Smith and Nelson had arrived and taken command of their respective armies.
nps-ky007-v1 · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…

Side strength (ledger v3)

US: grade B, 6,500 (5,530–8,050)

basis_mixedcompiled_dependencewhole_engagement_leakage

InputClassPrintedBasisBoundCodesPassage
us-lvB6,500unknown
Manson's command [5] 6,500
livermore-transcription-v1, p.89 (page image livermore-p89-image-v1) · snapshot e9fc742fdcb6…
us-cistB7,000unknowndossier claim reported-force-scope

Confederate: grade A, 6,850 (6,510–12,600)

basis_mixedcompiled_dependencewhole_engagement_leakage

InputClassPrintedBasisBoundCodesPassage
cs-lvA6,850reported_engaged
Total engaged 6,850
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cs-cistB12,000unknowndossier claim reported-force-scope
cs-smithbound5,000unknownone_sided_boundpartial_scope
General Smith's statement, that his whole force "was not more than 5000,"
livermore-transcription-v1, p.89 (page image livermore-p89-image-v1) · snapshot e9fc742fdcb6…

Dossier claims

Draft dossier, revision opening-strength-rationale-propagation-2026-09-25. Claims are extraction records with their quoted passages, not historical adjudication. JSON

information

supportedunresolved Cist says cavalry reported on the 29th a large enemy advance with heavy infantry driving in the pickets; NPS says Manson informed Nelson of his situation that night.

Summaries of reports, not inspected messages. What Nelson knew and when is not established.

reported an advance of the enemy in large numbers, and that a heavy force of infantry was driving in the pickets.
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That night, Manson informed his superior, Maj. Gen. William Nelson, of his situation
nps-ky007-v1, Description · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…

logistics

unknownunresolved

No battle-specific supply, ammunition or transport return was inspected. Training descriptions are not logistics measures.

objectives

supportedunresolved NPS says Kirby Smith ordered Cleburne to attack in the morning and promised reinforcements; Manson ordered a brigade toward the Confederates. Cist says Manson advanced to support the pickets.

Summarized orders and immediate objectives, not inspected original orders.

Kirby Smith ordered Cleburne to attack in the morning and promised to hurry reinforcements (Churchill's division).
nps-ky007-v1, Description · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
ordered a brigade to march to Rogersville, toward the Rebels
nps-ky007-v1, Description · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
Manson advanced to their support with his own brigade
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outcome

supportedpost_outcome The frozen result remains Confederate victory.

Retain the original result and engagement interval; later movements and campaign contribution are different measures. No new probabilities or individual causal credit.

Confederate victory
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle KY007; column results_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
Confederate Victory
nps-ky007-v1, Results · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…

disputedpost_outcome The frozen casualty text reads 5,650 total (US 4,900; CS 750); the live NPS field reads 6223 total (US 5623; CS 600;). NPS narrative says approximately 4,000 captured; Cist gives 225 killed, 600 wounded and over 2,000 captured, with Confederate losses over 900 killed and wounded.

Original casualty returns were not inspected; preserve totals, categories, cutoffs and differences. No canonical reconciliation or casualty-based opening count; related actions must not be added without resolving population overlap.

5,650 total (US 4,900; CS 750)
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle KY007; column casualties_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
6223 total (US 5623; CS 600;)
nps-ky007-v1, Estimated Casualties · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
the Rebels captured approximately 4,000 Yankees
nps-ky007-v1, Description · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
two hundred and twenty-five killed, six hundred wounded, and over two thousand captured.
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he lost over nine hundred killed and
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responsibility

supportedunresolved NPS says Manson commanded Union forces in the area and Cleburne led the Confederate advance until Smith and Nelson arrived and took command; Cist likewise says Nelson assumed command on arriving.

The frozen principal commanders arrived during the engagement. Field and army command are distinct; neither receives automatic sole credit, and no exact transfer clock is established. The live heading ranks Smith as Lieutenant General, against the frozen Major General; the heading is not adopted.

Brig. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne led the advance
nps-ky007-v1, Description · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
Brig. Gen. Mahlon D. Manson, who commanded Union forces in the area
nps-ky007-v1, Description · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
By now, Smith and Nelson had arrived and taken command of their respective armies.
nps-ky007-v1, Description · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
Nelson, arriving on the ground, as- sumed command
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.54 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
Lieutenant General Edmund Smith [CS]
nps-ky007-v1, Principal Commanders · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
Major General
arnold-cwsac-commanders, battle KY007, belligerent Confederate, fullname E. Kirby Smith; column rank · snapshot 6c587c298717…

supportedinherited Cist says a new department under H. G. Wright had been created, taking this area from Buell's command, and that Wright ordered Nelson to Lexington.

Inherited command structure for the Union side, from an interested retrospective history; no original order inspected.

a new de- partment had been created, with General H. G. Wright in command
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taken from under Buell's command.
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Wright ordered Nelson to proceed to Lexington
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strength

unknownunresolved

No inspected return establishes matched personnel at a common opening boundary. The frozen side-specific numerical strength bounds are blank (missing_numeric_strength). No figure in this pass is adopted as a simultaneous opening force.

supportedunresolved The frozen force field names formations without counts; the live NPS field reads zero. Cist gives Nelson's entire command as some 7,000 and the Confederate force as 12,000 with 36 guns.

Cist's figures are retrospective estimates of whole commands, not matched engaged populations at an opening boundary. NPS says troops joined both sides during the day. Live zeros are not measured absence.

1st and 2nd Brigades, Army of Kentucky [US]; Army of Kentucky [CS]
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle KY007; column forces_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
nps-ky007-v1, Forces Engaged · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
His entire command consisted of some seven thousand troops.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.54 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
The enemy's force was twelve thousand men and thirty-six pieces of artillery
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As the day progressed, additional troops joined both sides.
nps-ky007-v1, Description · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…

supportedunresolved Cist says the troops Nelson collected were nearly all new regiments, hastily gathered, without drill or discipline.

Attributed description of the Union force's composition, not a readiness score or inspected return.

nearly all of them new regiments, principally from Ohio and Kentucky, hastily gathered together, without drill or discipline.
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terrain

supportedunresolved NPS places Manson's August 30 battle line near Zion Church. Cist describes a line about two miles from Richmond on the 29th and, on the 30th, a line beyond Rogersville, a new line a mile to the rear that was badly posted, the previous day's line, and a last stand at the camps.

Sequential positions, not map-verified terrain. 'Badly posted' is Cist's retrospective judgment.

approached Manson's battle line near Zion Church
nps-ky007-v1, Description · snapshot 2c07d75622bf…
formed his line of battle on each side of the road some two miles from the town.
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moved out beyond the town to meet the enemy's advance.
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rallied on a new line a mile to the rear, but as this was badly posted for defence
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the line occupied the day before
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driven back to their camps, where the last stand was made
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.54 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…

Open questions