Perryville KY009

1862-10-08 to 1862-10-08 · KY · Confederate Heartland Offensive [June-October 1862] · frozen result: Union · NPS summary (as listed)

CWSAC description
Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg's autumn 1862 invasion of Kentucky had reached the outskirts of Louisville and Cincinnati, but he was forced to retreat and regroup. On October 7, the Federal army of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, numbering nearly 55,000, converged on the small crossroads town of Perryville, Kentucky, in three columns. Union forces first skirmished with Rebel cavalry on the Springfield Pike before the fighting became more general, on Peters Hill, as the grayclad infantry arrived. The next day, at dawn, fighting began again around Peters Hill as a Union division advanced up the pike, halting just before the Confederate line. The fighting then stopped for a time. After noon, a Confederate division struck the Union left flank and forced it to fall back. When more Confederate divisions joined the fray, the Union line made a stubborn stand, counterattacked, but finally fell back with some troops routed. Buell did not know of the happenings on the field, or he would have sent forward some reserves. Even so, the Union troops on the left flank, reinforced by two brigades, stabilized their line, and the Rebel attack sputtered to a halt. Later, a Rebel brigade assaulted the Union division on the Springfield Pike but was repulsed and fell back into Perryville. The Yankees pursued, and skirmishing occurred in the streets in the evening before dark. Union reinforcements were threatening the Rebel left flank by now. Bragg, short of men and supplies, withdrew during the night, and, after pausing at Harrodsburg, continued the Confederate retrograde by way of Cumberland Gap into East Tennessee. The Confederate offensive was over, and the Union controlled Kentucky.

Command responsibility (ledger v2)

US: Don Carlos Buell

Grade A under rule 2; echelon army.

A cited passage states the command.

Major General
arnold-cwsac-commanders, battle KY009, belligerent US, fullname Don Carlos Buell; column rank · snapshot 6c587c298717…
the Federal army of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle KY009; column description · snapshot 952b5d08402a…

Confederate: Polk

Grade C under rule 2; echelon unknown. responsibility_unresolvedsuperior_directing

Other candidates: Braxton Bragg

Cist says the engaged Confederates "were under the immediate command of General Polk" and quotes Bragg's report that he declined to assume the command, though a later report has Bragg putting the troops in motion (rule 2, third bullet). Bragg ordered Polk to bring on the engagement (superior_directing: Bragg).

General
arnold-cwsac-commanders, battle KY009, belligerent Confederate, fullname Braxton Bragg; column rank · snapshot 6c587c298717…
The enemy's troops engaged in the battle were under the immediate command of General Polk.
cist-heartland-selections-v1 · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
I declined to assume the command
cist-heartland-selections-v1 · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
followed in person and put the troops in motion.
cist-heartland-selections-v1 · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…

Side strength (ledger v3)

US: grade A, 55,000 (52,250–57,750)

basis_mixedcompiled_dependencederivation_unknownsingle_inputwhole_engagement_leakage

InputClassPrintedBasisBoundCodesPassage
us-npsA55,000reported_engagedderivation_unknowndossier claim reported-force-scope
us-nps-descbound55,000unknownupperderivation_unknownone_sided_bounddossier claim reported-force-scope
us-buellA58,000reported_effectivedossier claim reported-force-scope
us-lv-pfdC39,721present_for_duty
Present for duty [1] 39,721
livermore-transcription-v1, p.95 (page image livermore-p95-image-v1) · snapshot e9fc742fdcb6…
us-lv-effC36,940reported_effective
Effectives estimated at 93 per cent 36,940
livermore-transcription-v1, p.95 (page image livermore-p95-image-v1) · snapshot e9fc742fdcb6…

Confederate: grade A, 16,000 (15,200–16,800)

basis_mixedcompiled_dependencesingle_inputwhole_engagement_leakage

InputClassPrintedBasisBoundCodesPassage
cs-lvA16,000reported_effective
Effectives, about [2] 16,000
livermore-transcription-v1, p.95 (page image livermore-p95-image-v1) · snapshot e9fc742fdcb6…
cs-cist-hardeebound16,000reported_engagedlowerpartial_scopedossier claim reported-force-scope

Dossier claims

Draft dossier, revision opening-strength-rationale-propagation-2026-09-25. Claims are extraction records with their quoted passages, not historical adjudication. JSON

information

supportedunresolved NPS says Buell did not know what was happening on the field; Cist says McCook did not report the attack for two hours, and that Bragg's orders assumed Buell's wings were sixty miles apart.

Retrospective accounts of knowledge, not inspected message chains. The NPS statement that Buell would otherwise have sent reserves is an attributed counterfactual, not an estimated effect.

Buell did not know of the happenings on the field
nps-ky009-v1, Description · snapshot 461fe1268b49…
which he failed to report to Buell until after two hours
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.68 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
his right and left were sixty miles apart.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.63 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…

logistics

supportedunresolved Cist says water shortages delayed Thomas's corps, led to a fight for creek pools, and prompted Rousseau's advance to obtain water; NPS says Bragg was short of men and supplies when he withdrew.

Descriptions of water and supply constraints, not inspected returns. The NPS supply statement is post-outcome context.

Owing to the difficulty of finding water
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.62 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
was delayed sev- eral hours in reaching his position
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.62 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
after a sharp engagement, secured
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to obtain a supply of water, for which the troops were suffering.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.65 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
Bragg, short of men and supplies, withdrew during the night
nps-ky009-v1, Description · snapshot 461fe1268b49…

objectives

disputedunresolved Cist says Buell intended to attack on the 8th if possible, and says Bragg ordered Polk to attack and rout the Federal force, but also says Bragg's intention was only to check Buell's advance.

Both are attributed intentions from one retrospective history, with an unresolved tension about Bragg's aim. No original order was inspected.

the intention being to make the attack that day if possible.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.62 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
to attack the Federal force, immediately rout them
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.63 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
Bragg's intention was not to fight a general engagement at Perryville
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.69 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…

outcome

supportedpost_outcome The frozen result remains Union strategic victory; the live NPS field reads Union Victory (strategic). NPS and Cist both describe Confederate withdrawal during the night.

Retain the original result and engagement interval; later movements and campaign contribution are different measures. No new probabilities or individual causal credit. The strategic label and later withdrawal are not a tactical margin.

Union strategic victory
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle KY009; column results_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
Union Victory (strategic)
nps-ky009-v1, Results · snapshot 461fe1268b49…
the enemy's main body had retired during the night
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.68 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…

disputedpost_outcome The frozen casualty text reads 7,407 total (US 4,211; CS 3,196); the live NPS field reads 7607 total (US 4211; CS 3396;). Cist gives Buell's reported loss as 4,348 with components 916 killed, 2,943 wounded and 189 missing, which sum to 4,048, and quotes Bragg's estimate of not less than 2,500.

Original casualty returns were not inspected; preserve totals, categories, cutoffs and differences. No canonical reconciliation or casualty-based opening count; related actions must not be added without resolving population overlap. Cist's total and components do not agree in the OCR; the printed page was not checked.

7,407 total (US 4,211; CS 3,196)
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle KY009; column casualties_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
7607 total (US 4211; CS 3396;)
nps-ky009-v1, Estimated Casualties · snapshot 461fe1268b49…
His reports show a loss of 4,348, being 916 killed, 2,943 wounded,
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.68 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
probably not less than 2,500 killed, wounded, and missing.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.69 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…

responsibility

disputedunresolved Cist says the engaged Confederates were under Polk's immediate command, quoting Bragg's October 12 report that he declined to assume command and his May 1863 report that he later put the troops in motion.

Bragg's two reports, as quoted by Cist, conflict about his role. The quotations are not separately inspected originals. The frozen commander, Bragg, is not automatically assigned the Confederate result. The live heading ranks Bragg as Major General, against the frozen General; the heading is not adopted.

The enemy's troops engaged in the battle were under the immediate command of General Polk.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.69 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
October 12, 1862
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I declined to assume the command
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.69 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
of date May 20, 1863
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.69 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
followed in person and put the troops in motion.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.69 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
Major General Braxton Bragg [CS]
nps-ky009-v1, Principal Commanders · snapshot 461fe1268b49…
General
arnold-cwsac-commanders, battle KY009, belligerent Confederate, fullname Braxton Bragg; column rank · snapshot 6c587c298717…

supportedunresolved Cist says Thomas, arriving with Crittenden's corps, was directed to take position on the right and wait for orders, and waited the entire day without receiving any; apart from Wagner's brigade of Wood's division, Crittenden's corps was not engaged. Only part of Gilbert's corps was engaged and McCook's corps bore the attack.

Retrospective account of command use. Cist reports one brigade of Crittenden's corps engaged, so that corps was largely, not wholly, unengaged. Whether Thomas's wait without orders reflects Buell's choice, missing information or both is not adjudicated; Buell is not assigned the tactical result automatically.

was directed to take position in the line of battle on the right and wait for orders.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.68 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
Here he waited during the entire day, and received none.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.68 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
the heavy blow striking McCook's
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.68 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
Only part of Gilbert's corps was engaged in the fight
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.68 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
Wag- ner's brigade of Wood's division became engaged
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.68 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
The rest of Crittenden's corps was not engaged in the action.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.68 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…

strength

unknownunresolved

No inspected return establishes matched personnel at a common opening boundary. The frozen side-specific numerical strength bounds are blank (missing_numeric_strength). No figure in this pass is adopted as a simultaneous opening force.

disputedunresolved The frozen force field names armies without counts. The live NPS field reads 55000 total (US 55000; CS 0;), and the narrative says Buell's army numbered nearly 55,000 on October 7. Cist reports Buell's pre-battle 58,000 effective men, less than half in action, and Hardee's attacking divisions as some 16,000.

Army totals, reported effectives and engaged fractions are different populations. Live zero is not measured absence; no figure is adopted as matched opening strength.

Army of the Ohio [US]; Army of the Mississippi [CS]
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle KY009; column forces_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
55000 total (US 55000; CS 0;)
nps-ky009-v1, Forces Engaged · snapshot 461fe1268b49…
numbering nearly 55,000
nps-ky009-v1, Description · snapshot 461fe1268b49…
Buell reported the strength of his command before the engagement at 58,000 effective men.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.68 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
Less than one-half of this entire force was in the action.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.68 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
some sixteen thousand strong
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.65 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…

supportedunresolved Cist says Buell claimed 22,000 of his men were raw, undrilled troops, and describes Terrill's troops as nearly all new.

Attributed claim about composition, not a readiness score or inspected return.

Of these he claimed 22,000 were raw troops, not drilled, and undisciplined.
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Ten-ill's troops — nearly all new
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.66 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…

terrain

supportedunresolved Cist says Confederates considered the Maxville road crossing of Doctor's Creek the key to McCook's position, and describes the left's strong ground and stone fences.

Retrospective position description; no map was verified. Attack choices and position use may be commander-created.

near where the Maxville road crosses Doctor's Creek.
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.66 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
The enemy considered the key of McCook's position to be at this crossing
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.66 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…
This was a very strong position, by reason of the character of the ground
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protected by being posted behind stone fences
cist-heartland-selections-v1, p.66 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot b3ce0ebfaaaf…

Open questions