Round Mountain OK001

1861-11-19 to 1861-11-19 · OK · Operations in the Indian Territory [November-December 1861] · frozen result: Confederate · NPS summary (as listed)

CWSAC description
Col. Douglas H. Cooper, Confederate commander of the Indian Department, had not been able to reconcile differences with Chief Opothleyahola, who commanded a band of Unionist Creeks and Seminoles. Cooper set out on November 15, 1861, with about 1,400 men to either compel submission . . . or "drive him and his party from the country." His force rode up the Deep Fork of the Canadian River towards Chief Opothleyahola's camp which they found deserted. On the 19th, Cooper learned from captured prisoners that part of Chief Opothleyahola's band was at the Red Fork of the Arkansas River, where they were erecting a fort. Cooper's men arrived there around 4:00 pm and ordered a cavalry charge which discovered that Chief Opothleyahola's band had recently abandoned the camp. The Confederates did find some stragglers beyond the camp and followed them, blundering into Chief Opothleyahola's camp. The Federals fired into the Rebel cavalry and, in large force, came out to attack them. They chased the Confederates back to Cooper's main force. Darkness prevented Cooper from attacking until the main enemy force was within 60 yards. A short fight ensued but Chief Opothleyahola's men broke it off and retreated back to their camp. Cooper set out for Chief Opothleyahola's camp the next morning but found it gone. The Confederates claimed victory because Chief Opothleyahola had left the area. This was the first of three encounters between Chief Opothleyahola's Union bands and Confederate troops. The chief was forced to flee Oklahoma for Kansas at the end of the year.

Dossier claims

Draft dossier, revision indian-territory-1861-review-correction-2026-09-25. Claims are extraction records with their quoted passages, not historical adjudication. JSON

information

supportedunresolved Cooper learned from prisoners that part of the band was near the Red Fork; in the dark he and Bourland rode forward to ask whether the approaching men were Texans and were answered by rifle fire.

Knowledge attributed in an interested report; no message log inspected.

From those prisoners information was obtained that a portion of Hopoeithleyohola s party were near the Red Fork of the Arkansas River
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.5 (inferred: the running head is merged into the report heading in OCR, before the p.6 head; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
Col. James Bourland, of Texas (my volunteei aide on the ocpasion), and myself rode to the front
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.6 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…

logistics

disputedunresolved Cooper says he did not pursue because the enemy had destroyed the forage and his horses were worn down, and lists a buggy, 12 wagons and provisions left in the abandoned camp; Britton says only a few old ponies and broken, useless wagons were found.

Captured property is described differently by the report and the history; not a return.

the forage of the country had been destroyed by the enemy and the horses of my command worn down by rapid marches
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.7 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
the chief s buggy, 12 wagons, flour, sugar, coflee, salt
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.6 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
found a few old ponies and broken wagons, which were useless.
britton-border-1-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.167 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot c2af3ddfdeea…

objectives

supportedunresolved Cooper resolved to advance and either compel submission to the Creek authorities or drive Opothleyahola's party from the country. Britton says the chief determined to resist as far as he could.

Stated aims from an interested report and a history.

either com- pel submission to the authorities of the nation or drive him and his >artv from the country.
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.5 (inferred: the running head is merged into the report heading in OCR, before the p.6 head; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
he determined to make such resistance as was in his power
britton-border-1-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.165 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot c2af3ddfdeea…

outcome

disputedpost_outcome The frozen and live results read Confederate victory; the frozen description says the Confederates claimed victory because the chief left the area. Cooper says the enemy made good his retreat under cover of darkness; Britton says the Union Indians drove the first attackers from the field before retreating north in the night. Britton also says that when Cooper came up it had become very dark and no engagement took place that night; Cooper describes a short but sharp night conflict.

Retain the original result and engagement interval; later movements and campaign contribution are different measures. No new probabilities or individual causal credit.

Confederate victory
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle OK001; column results_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
Confederate Victory
nps-ok001-v1, Results · snapshot a07881aedf5d…
The Confederates claimed victory because Chief Opothleyahola had left the area.
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle OK001; column description · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
under cover of the dark ness he made good his retreat.
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.6 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
in less than half an hour drove their assail- ants from the field
britton-border-1-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.166 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot c2af3ddfdeea…
no engagement took place that night.
britton-border-1-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.167 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot c2af3ddfdeea…
After a short but sharr conflict the firing of the enemy ceased
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.6 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
retreated north during the night in the direction of Kansas.
britton-border-1-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.167 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot c2af3ddfdeea…

disputedpost_outcome The frozen casualty text reads Unknown; the live field reads 10 (US 0; CS 10). Cooper gives his entire loss as 1 captain and 5 men killed and further wounded and missing in a garbled line, and prisoners' estimate of the enemy's loss as a figure read '1 10' in OCR. Britton says the attackers lost upward of twenty killed and wounded in the first repulse.

Original casualty returns were not inspected; preserve totals, categories, cutoffs and differences. No canonical reconciliation or casualty-based opening count; related actions must not be added without resolving population overlap. Cooper's garbled wounded figures are not decoded.

Unknown
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle OK001; column casualties_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
10 total (US 0; CS 10;)
nps-ok001-v1, Estimated Casualties · snapshot a07881aedf5d…
Our entire loss m the engagement was 1 captain ana 5 men killed
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.6 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
the loss of the enemy to ha ve been about 1 10 killed and wounded.
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.6 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
with the loss of upward of twenty men killed and wounded.
britton-border-1-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.166 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot c2af3ddfdeea…

responsibility

supportedunresolved The frozen commanders are Colonel Douglas H. Cooper and Opothleyahola (no rank recorded); the live page gives Cooper as Brigadier General and the chief as US. Cooper's report says, in the passive, that a charge was ordered to be made by Quayle's Texas cavalry upon the camp, and Britton says Quayle charged it; Cooper rode forward in person with Bourland at the night encounter.

Command roles from an interested report; no account by the chief was inspected, the live rank is not adopted, and there is no automatic sole credit.

Colonel
arnold-cwsac-commanders, battle OK001, belligerent Confederate, fullname Douglas H. Cooper; column rank · snapshot 6c587c298717…
Opothleyahola
arnold-cwsac-commanders, battle OK001, belligerent Native American, fullname Opothleyahola; column fullname · snapshot 6c587c298717…
Brigadier General Douglas Cooper [CS]
nps-ok001-v1, Principal Commanders · snapshot a07881aedf5d…
A charge was ordered to be made by the detachment of Texas cavalry, under command ot Lieu- tenant-Col'ouel Quayle, upon the camp
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.5 (inferred: the running head is merged into the report heading in OCR, before the p.6 head; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
Colonel Quayle charged this camp with his Texas cavalry
britton-border-1-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.166 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot c2af3ddfdeea…
and myself rode to the front
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.6 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…

strength

unknownunresolved

No inspected return establishes matched personnel at a common opening boundary. The frozen side-specific numerical strength bounds are blank (missing_numeric_strength). No figure in this pass is adopted as a simultaneous opening force.

disputedunresolved The frozen force field names the Creeks and Seminoles and the Indian Department without figures; the live field is blank. The frozen description says Cooper set out with about 1,400; Cooper says about 1,400 moved up the Deep Fork and that Opothleyahola's force was variously estimated at 800 to 1,200 Creeks and Seminoles and 200 to 300 negroes. Britton gives Cooper fourteen hundred and says the chief estimated he could bring about fifteen hundred into the field.

Column and estimated opposing figures; no return. No account by Opothleyahola's side was inspected; every figure for his force and losses is an opponent's estimate or a history's. None is adopted as a matched opening strength.

Creek and Seminole [I]; Indian Department [CS]
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle OK001; column forces_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
0 total (US ; CS ;)
nps-ok001-v1, Forces Engaged · snapshot a07881aedf5d…
Cooper set out on November 15, 1861, with about 1,400 men
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle OK001; column description · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
in all about 1,400 men, were moved up the Deep Fork of the Canadian
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.5 (inferred: the running head is merged into the report heading in OCR, before the p.6 head; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
has been variously estimated at from 800 to 1,200 Creeks and Seminoles and 200 to 300 negroes.
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.6 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
fourteen hundred white and Indian troops
britton-border-1-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.166 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot c2af3ddfdeea…
Of Indians and negroes he estimated that he could, perhaps, bring into the field about fifteen hundred men
britton-border-1-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.165 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot c2af3ddfdeea…

terrain

supportedinherited Cooper says the scouts pursued disappeared into the timber skirting a creek where the main camp lay, near the Red Fork of the Arkansas, and that the darkness of the night made positions uncertain; Britton says it was getting dark as the attackers approached the timber.

Ground and light conditions from an interested report and a history; no map verification.

disappeared in the timber skirting a creek, upon which it was after- wards ascertained the forces of Hopoeithleyohola were then encamped.
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.5 (inferred: the running head is merged into the report heading in OCR, before the p.6 head; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
near the Red Fork of the Arkansas River.
britton-border-1-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.166 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot c2af3ddfdeea…
Ihe exceeding darkness of the night rendered the relative positioi ot our friends and foes uncertain
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.6 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
It was getting dark as the Texas troops and Choctaw Indians approached the tim- ber
britton-border-1-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.166 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot c2af3ddfdeea…

Open questions