Chustenahlah OK003

1861-12-26 to 1861-12-26 · OK · Operations in the Indian Territory [November-December 1861] · frozen result: Confederate · NPS summary (as listed)

CWSAC description
Confederate troops had undertaken a campaign to subdue the Native American Union sympathizers in Indian Territory and consolidate control. They had attacked Chief Opothleyahola's band of Creeks and Seminoles earlier at Round Mountain and Chusto-Talasah. Now, they wanted to finish them off by assaulting them in their camp at Chustenahlah in a well-protected cove on Battle Creek. Col. James McQueen McIntosh and Col. Douglas H. Cooper, commanding the Indian Department, planned a combined attack with each of their columns moving on the camp from different directions. McIntosh left Fort Gibson on December 22, with 1,380 men. On the 25th, he was informed that Cooper's force could not join for a while, but he decided to attack the next day, despite being outnumbered. McIntosh attacked the camp at noon on the 26th. The Union defenders were secluded in the underbrush along the slope of a rugged hill, but as the Confederate attack came forward, the Native Americans began to fall back, taking cover for a while and then moving back. The retreat became a rout as the Federals reached their camp. They attempted to make a stand there but were forced away again. The survivors fled; many went all the way to Kansas where they found loyal Unionists. Chief Opothleyahola's band of Creeks and Seminoles mounted no resistance again.

Dossier claims

Draft dossier, revision indian-territory-1861-review-correction-2026-09-25. Claims are extraction records with their quoted passages, not historical adjudication. JSON

information

supportedunresolved McIntosh says an express from Cooper on the 25th reported a delay of two or three days and offered help if McIntosh found it necessary to advance. Cooper says he wrote that he could not reach Tulsey Town before the 26th.

Messages described by the two commanders; the letters themselves were not inspected.

with the intelligence that i would probably be two or three days before he could make the precon certed movement
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.22 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
and gen erously stated that if I found it necessary to advance he would give m< all the assistance in his power.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.22 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
informed Colonel McIntosh by letter that it would be impossible to reach that place before the 26th
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.12 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…

logistics

supportedunresolved McIntosh says scarcity of forage led the two commanders to agree that either should attack on sight, and that Cooper's movement would be delayed by the desertion of his teamsters.

Supply conditions stated by the attacking commander; not a return.

On account of the scarcity of forage it was mutually determine! that either force should attack the enemy on sight.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.22 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
on account of the desertion of his teamsters
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.22 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…

objectives

supportedunresolved McIntosh says the plan was for Cooper to move up the Arkansas and get behind the chief's position while he marched up the Verdigris and attacked directly; NPS says he chose to attack despite being outnumbered.

Plan and decision from the attacking commander and a summary.

should move up the Arkansa Fiver and endeavor to get in the rear of Hopoeithlevoliola’s positioi
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.22 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
he decided to attack the next day, despite being outnumbered
nps-ok003-v1, Description · snapshot 65d6964e9670…

outcome

supportedpost_outcome The frozen and live results read Confederate victory; NPS says the retreat became a rout. McIntosh says the stronghold was broken up and the force scattered, and that he held the camp at 4 o'clock; Cooper heard the chief escaped with about 200 warriors.

Retain the original result and engagement interval; later movements and campaign contribution are different measures. No new probabilities or individual causal credit.

Confederate victory
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle OK003; column results_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
Confederate Victory
nps-ok003-v1, Results · snapshot 65d6964e9670…
The retreat became a rout as the Federals reached their camp.
nps-ok003-v1, Description · snapshot 65d6964e9670…
The strong- hold of Hopoeithleyohola was completely broken up, and his force scat- tered in every direction
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.24 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
we remained victors in the center of Hopoeithleyohola’s camp.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.24 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
Hopoeithleyohola, it is said, had gone on with about 200 warriors and made his escape.
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.12 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…

disputedpost_outcome The frozen casualty text reads Unknown; the live field reads 251 (US 211; CS 40). McIntosh says the enemy's killed were upwards of 250 and his loss 8 killed and 32 wounded, but his closing line reads 'Killed, 0; wounded, 40' in OCR; he captured 160 women and children (read '1G0') and 20 negroes. Cooper says Stand Watie's pursuit next day killed 15 without loss.

Original casualty returns were not inspected; preserve totals, categories, cutoffs and differences. No canonical reconciliation or casualty-based opening count; related actions must not be added without resolving population overlap. The basis of the live US 211 is not established in the selected passages.

Unknown
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle OK003; column casualties_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
251 total (US 211; CS 40;)
nps-ok003-v1, Estimated Casualties · snapshot 65d6964e9670…
Their killed amounted to upwards of 250. Our loss was 8 killed and 32 wounded.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.24 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
Casualties. — Killed, 0 ; wounded, 40.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.25 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
We cap- tured 1G0 women and children, 20 negroes
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.24 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
killed 15 of the enemy, without the loss of a man.
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.12 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…

responsibility

disputedunresolved The frozen commanders are Colonel James McQueen McIntosh and Opothleyahola. McIntosh sent Griffith to the right and Young to the left and says the Seminoles were led by Halek Tustenuggee. Cooper says McIntosh pushed on without waiting even for Stand Watie, calls this precipitancy, and argues the chief could have been captured had McIntosh waited for Cooper's column.

Cooper's criticism is his own interested judgment, not an established causal finding. No automatic sole credit.

Colonel
arnold-cwsac-commanders, battle OK003, belligerent Confederate, fullname James McQueen McIntosh; column rank · snapshot 6c587c298717…
Opothleyahola
arnold-cwsac-commanders, battle OK003, belligerent Native American, fullname Opothleyahola; column fullname · snapshot 6c587c298717…
I immediately ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Griffith, vith his regiment, to move up on the right, and Colonel Young on the eft.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.23 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
The Seminoles, under the celebrated chief Halek Tustenuggee, were in front on foot
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.23 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
Colonel McIntosh pushed on without waiting even for Col. Stand Watie, and attacked Hopoeithleyohola.
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.12 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
This I was then satisfied his precipitancy would render impracticable
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.12 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
could have been easily effected had Col. James McIntosh waited until the foices under my command reached a position in the rear of the enemy
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.13 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…

strength

unknownunresolved

No inspected return establishes matched personnel at a common opening boundary. The frozen side-specific numerical strength bounds are blank (missing_numeric_strength). No figure in this pass is adopted as a simultaneous opening force.

disputedunresolved The frozen force field names McIntosh's and Douglas Cooper's brigades with no figures; the live field reads zero; the frozen description says McIntosh left Fort Gibson with 1,380. McIntosh says he came to Fort Gibson with 1,600 and marched with a force of 1,380, that the enemy was estimated at 1,700, and that Stand Watie's 300 arrived as the battle ended. Cooper says McIntosh announced he would take the field with some 2,000, and that his own column had not arrived: he heard of the attack the next morning.

Column figures and an estimate of the enemy; by both reports Cooper's column was not engaged, although the frozen force field names it. No account by Opothleyahola's side was inspected; every figure for his force and losses is an opponent's estimate or a history's. None is adopted as a matched opening strength.

Creek and Seminole [I]; McIntosh's and Douglas Cooper's brigades [CS]
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle OK003; column forces_text · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
0 total (US 0; CS 0;)
nps-ok003-v1, Forces Engaged · snapshot 65d6964e9670…
McIntosh left Fort Gibson on December 22, with 1,380 men.
arnold-cwsac-battles, battle OK003; column description · snapshot 952b5d08402a…
I hastened to Fort Gibson, with 1,600 men
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.22 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
This force amounted to 1,380 men.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.22 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
The whole force was estimated at 1,700.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.23 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
numbering 300, under the command of the colonel, although under my orders, came up just as the battle terminated.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.24 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
taking the field with some .2,000 troops
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.11 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…
I also heard on the morning of the 27th that Colonel McIntosh had attacked and dispersed the Indians.
or8-cooper-indian-territory-selections-v1, p.12 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot accdfb9e9d4d…

terrain

supportedinherited McIntosh says the enemy held a high, rugged, oak-covered hill beyond the stream, with 200 or 300 yards of open ground below and a warrior behind each tree, and afterwards retreated into rocky gorges in the mountains. NPS says the defenders were secluded in the underbrush along a rugged hill slope.

Natural ground described by the attacking commander and a summary; no map verification.

posted to the •iobt on a high and rugged hill, with its side covered with oak trees.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.23 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
Between the rough and rugged side of the hill a space of 200 or 300 yards intervened of open ground.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.23 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
Each tree on the hill-side screened a stalwart warrior.
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.23 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
retreated to the rocky gorges amid the deep recesses of the mountains
or8-mcintosh-chustenahlah-selections-v1, p.23 (OCR page markers; not checked against print) · snapshot 1483c9bb6d88…
The Union defenders were secluded in the underbrush along the slope of a rugged hill
nps-ok003-v1, Description · snapshot 65d6964e9670…

Open questions