Pine Bluff AR011

supportedunresolved Clayton says his morning patrol toward Princeton met the enemy, whose officer came under a flag with dispatches from Marmaduke supposedly demanding surrender, and that prisoners gave Marmaduke's strength. Marmaduke reported no sign of a Union move south or east. NPS says Clark answered that there would be no surrender.

Attributed knowledge from interested reports and a summary; no original messages inspected.

supportedunresolved Clayton says about 200 freedmen carried water from the river to fill barrels so he could hold out two days if cut off, that 62 mules were lost when cut loose from the burning sheds, and that a warehouse with over 200 bales of cotton was burned. Marmaduke says he took about 250 mules and horses and about 300 Black men, women and children, adding that he could not bring away the women and children, and destroyed blankets and stores and 600 or 1,000 bales of cotton.

Interested reports; no quartermaster return inspected. People taken from the town are recorded as reported.

supportedunresolved Marmaduke says the garrison could be taken only by storming the works at a cost of at least 500 men, which he did not think would pay. Clark's reply, as Clayton reports it, was that Clayton never surrenders.

Stated reasoning from interested reports.

supportedpost_outcome The frozen result reads Union victory and the live result Union Victory. Clayton says the enemy retreated about 2 p.m., leaving many dead and wounded, and he followed for a mile. Marmaduke says he withdrew because the works could only be stormed at too high a cost. NPS says the Confederates retired, leaving Pine Bluff to the Federals.

Retain the original result and engagement interval; later movements and campaign contribution are different measures. No new probabilities or individual causal credit.

disputedpost_outcome The frozen casualty text reads Total unknown (US 56; CS unknown); the live field reads 96 (US 56; CS 40). Clayton gives 11 killed, 27 wounded and 1 missing, plus 5 freedmen killed and 12 wounded (Talbot gives the same 5 and 12); these printed components sum to 56. He estimates the enemy's killed and wounded at about 130, probably 150, holds 33 prisoners, 15 of them wounded, and says Marmaduke burned some of his own wounded to death in the fires. Marmaduke gives his own loss as about 40 killed and wounded. The compiled Union return is garbled in OCR.

Original casualty returns were not inspected; preserve totals, categories, cutoffs and differences. No canonical reconciliation or casualty-based opening count; related actions must not be added without resolving population overlap. Whether the frozen US 56 includes the freedmen is not established; the freedmen are recorded, not merged with military casualties. The garbled compiled Union return has a legible row label 'Freedman 5' and a total line read as '16 39 1', which matches Clayton's killed, wounded and missing with the freedmen added (11 + 5, 27 + 12 and 1; a computation). This suggests that the compiled return counts the freedmen, but its columns cannot be confirmed in the OCR; it is not a resolution.

supportedunresolved Clayton ordered out the whole command, set the freedmen to building the works and fighting the fires, and placed his guns and sharpshooters; Talbot organized the freedmen under Clayton's orders. Marmaduke attacked in three columns by Clayton's account and set fire to buildings. The frozen commanders are Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke and Colonel Powell Clayton; the live page lists Marmaduke without a rank.

Command roles from interested reports; the listed commanders do not receive automatic sole credit.

unknownunresolved

No inspected return establishes matched personnel at a common opening boundary. The frozen side-specific numerical strength bounds are blank (missing_numeric_strength). No figure in this pass is adopted as a simultaneous opening force.

disputedunresolved The frozen force field reads Pine Bluff Garrison (two under-strength cavalry regiments and a company of state militia) [US] and division [CS], with no numerical bounds; the live field reads zero. Clayton says his force amounted to some 550 men, that prisoners put Marmaduke at 2,000 to 3,000 with twelve guns and he thought about 2,500, and that his force held off four times its number. Marmaduke says the garrison's effective force was about 600 with seven guns. NPS calls the 300 men who rolled out cotton bales African-American soldiers; Clayton and Talbot describe them as freedmen from the contraband camp, fifteen of whom had arms.

Interested own-strength and enemy figures; the NPS 'soldiers' is not supported by the inspected reports. None is adopted as a matched opening strength. The live zero is not measured absence.

supportedcommander_created Clayton says that within half an hour he had barricaded every street into the court square with cotton bales, planted his guns to command each street and posted sharpshooters in the buildings on the square; Talbot says a further breastwork was built under the river bank. Marmaduke says he held the whole town except the court-house and yard, fortified by heavy cotton-bale breastworks.

Works described by interested reports. They were improvised on the morning of the attack on Clayton's order, hence the commander-created tag; this is a hypothesis about timing and agency, not a causal estimate. The agency evidence is Clayton's report and Talbot's inclosure to it, one report family.