South Mountain MD002

supportedunresolved Palfrey says McClellan had a copy of Lee's order at Frederick on the 13th. He reports that it has been said that the hour of receipt does not appear, and notes that McClellan's letter to Franklin giving the order's substance is dated 6.20 p.m. He says McLaws did not attach much importance to early indications of an advance, and that Lee's information seems to have come from Stuart.

Retrospective reconstruction. The inspected source does not establish the receipt hour; Palfrey attributes the statement that it does not appear to others ('It has been said') and reports the Franklin letter's 6.20 p.m. date, which is not an inspected original and is not a receipt time. The Stuart attribution is Palfrey's hedged inference.

supportedunresolved Palfrey says the weather and roads on the 13th were good, and that Longstreet's men went into action after a toilsome march.

Attributed movement conditions, not a supply return or readiness score.

supportedunresolved Palfrey quotes McClellan's letter to Franklin: cut off or destroy McLaws, relieve Miles, and 'cut the enemy in two and beat him in detail'; he quotes D. H. Hill that the aim was to delay the Union army until Harper's Ferry could not be relieved.

Quoted letters and reports, not inspected originals; stated aims are not measured outcomes.

disputedpost_outcome The frozen result is Union victory; the live NPS result field reads Indecisive. NPS says the defenders were driven back by dusk; Palfrey calls the actions tactical defeats but strategic victories for the Confederates.

Retain the original result and engagement interval; later movements and campaign contribution are different measures. No new probabilities or individual causal credit. The live field conflicts with the frozen record; the frozen value is retained and the conflict is not silently corrected.

disputedpost_outcome The frozen casualty text reads 4,500 total; the live NPS field reads 4625 total (US 2325; CS 2300;). Palfrey gives McClellan's reported 1,568 for the Turner's Gap engagement, about 530 for Franklin at Crampton's, and about 1,500 and 400 Confederate prisoners at the two gaps.

Original casualty returns were not inspected; preserve totals, categories, cutoffs and differences. No canonical reconciliation or casualty-based opening count; related actions must not be added without resolving population overlap. Palfrey's figures cover separate gaps and categories; they are not summed here.

supportedcommander_created Palfrey says McClellan ordered Franklin to move at daybreak rather than that night, and that no portion of the army was ordered to move that night, with the possible exception of Couch. He argues that had Franklin marched to the foot of the range that night he could have passed through it the next morning substantially unopposed, and that a night march of both wings would have given McClellan possession of both passes early on the 14th.

Attributed command decision; Palfrey's counterfactuals are interested retrospective judgments, not estimated effects. 'Substantially unopposed' refers to Franklin's pass only.

supportedunresolved Palfrey says Cox notified Pleasonton that he would command as senior until Reno came up; Reno was killed at about dark; Cobb was sent to take command of Crampton's Gap, and Franklin gained the crest there. NPS says Reno and Garland were killed. The frozen commanders are McClellan and Lee; the live heading ranks Lee Major General against the frozen General.

Separate gaps under different subordinates; no listed commander receives automatic sole credit. The heading rank is not adopted.

unknownunresolved

No inspected return establishes matched personnel at a common opening boundary. The frozen side-specific numerical strength bounds are blank (missing_numeric_strength). No figure in this pass is adopted as a simultaneous opening force.

disputedunresolved The frozen force field says Corps; the live field reads zero. Palfrey quotes McClellan's 30,000 on each side, caps the First and Ninth Corps present for duty at 35,155, and counts fourteen Confederate brigades against eighteen Federal (fifteen used) at Turner's Gap.

Reported, computed and brigade-count estimates with different bases; none is adopted as a matched opening population. Crampton's Gap is a separate sub-action.

supportedunresolved Palfrey describes Turner's Gap as about four hundred feet below a thousand-foot mountain, with steep, wooded, rocky slopes and stone fences that protected defenders; the passes were about six miles apart and fought separately. He says the Confederates knew the ground and the Federals did not.

Retrospective terrain description; no map verification or numerical terrain effect.