Vicksburg MS011

supportedunresolved Greene says Pemberton's hopes of relief diminished and then disappeared as June wore on. Pemberton says that, with his officers' unanimous opinion against evacuation and no relief from Johnston, surrender with or without terms was the only alternative left.

The defending commander's account and a history; no inspected message log.

supportedunresolved Greene says the garrison was on reduced rations but not at starvation point, and its ammunition deficient but husbanded. Pemberton says reduced rations are undeniable but denies that want of subsistence compelled the surrender.

Supply statements from a history and the defending commander's report; no inspected commissary return.

supportedunresolved Greene says Grant would offer only unconditional surrender, then formulated terms of individual paroles, and that Pemberton accepted them. Pemberton says he chose July 4 expecting better terms on that day.

Stated aims from a history and the defending commander's report; Pemberton's reasoning about the date is his own.

supportedunresolved Greene says the May 22 assault was unsuccessful at all points and that Grant's losses in the two assaults of May 19 and 22 were over 4,000, more than three-fourths of them on the 22d. He says the Confederate loss on May 22 is not known but probably did not much exceed 500, Forney's division losing only 42 killed and 95 wounded.

One history's figures for the assaults inside the siege interval; not added to the siege totals.

supportedpost_outcome The frozen and live results read Union victory. NPS says Vicksburg surrendered on July 4 after prolonged siege operations; Pemberton says the garrison was surrendered at 10 a.m.; Greene says 29,391 were paroled, 790 refused parole, and the force surrendered was about 31,000, with 172 guns.

Retain the original result and engagement interval; later movements and campaign contribution are different measures. No new probabilities or individual causal credit. NPS's statements about the Confederacy being split and Grant's reputation are campaign context.

disputedpost_outcome The frozen casualty text reads 19,233 total (US 10,142; CS 9,091); the live field reads 37532 total (US 4835; CS 32697;). Greene says Grant's losses in the entire campaign, including the Jackson expedition, were a little less than 10,000, and that about 31,000 surrendered.

Original casualty returns were not inspected; preserve totals, categories, cutoffs and differences. No canonical reconciliation or casualty-based opening count; related actions must not be added without resolving population overlap. Greene's campaign-wide Union figure spans other frozen engagements and must not be assigned to the siege; the live Confederate figure appears to include the surrendered garrison. No figure is adopted.

supportedunresolved Pemberton says that so far as he knows no brigade or regimental commander favored cutting out, that every division and brigade commander but Baldwin approved the terms, and that he surrendered because the men were overpowered and worn down. Greene judges it probable that the most potent cause was the temper of the men. The live heading ranks Grant Lieutenant General against the frozen Major General.

Stated reasons and judgments are attributed; the frozen commanders Grant and Pemberton do not receive automatic sole credit. The heading rank is not adopted.

unknownunresolved

No inspected return establishes matched personnel at a common opening boundary. The frozen side-specific numerical strength bounds are blank (missing_numeric_strength). No figure in this pass is adopted as a simultaneous opening force.

disputedunresolved The frozen force field names the Army of the Tennessee and the Army of Vicksburg without counts; the live field reads zero. Greene gives about 20,000 effective defenders when the siege began, 40,000 Union infantry present for duty on May 22, and Grant's army at 71,141 men and 248 guns on June 30; by late June the garrison's returns showed nearly 22,000, with about 7,000 in the hospitals. Pemberton says the garrison held out against an enemy five times its number.

Figures at different dates and scopes; none is adopted as matched opening strength. Live zeros are not measured absence.

supportedinherited Greene says Vicksburg stood on bluffs about 250 feet high cut by deep ravines that allowed no manoeuvre but suited fortification, and that the line, selected in autumn 1862, had been thoroughly fortified through the winter and spring, with batteries whose parapets were 25 feet thick, defended by 128 guns when the siege began.

Inherited relative to the May 18 start; no map verification or numerical terrain effect.